不同季节主要空气污染物水平与1～5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率的相关性研究

摘要

Objective To analyze the levels and characteristics of major air pollutants in different seasons in Lanzhou city in 2015, and the correlation between these air pollutants and the hospitalization rate for respiratory diseases among children aged 1-5 years in order to provide evidence for environmental protection and health education. Methods Monthly data on atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2and O3) in 2015 were collected through the "China Air Quality On-Line Monitoring Platform". The hospitalization data for children aged 1-5 years due to respiratory diseases during the same period were collected through the "Hospital Information Platform for Healthcare System and Disease Control Institutions of Gansu Province". ANOVA was used to compare the levels of major air pollutants in different seasons in 2015 as well as the respiratory disease-specific hospitalization rates in 1-5 year-old children in different seasons. According to the current Chinese standard(GB3095-2012), we found that the major air pollutants reached Grade 1 and Grade 2 in different seasons. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of air pollutants and respiratory disease-specific hospitalization rates in 1-5 year-old children in different seasons. Results In 2015, the PM2.5 level in spring was higher than that in autumn, and the PM2.5 level in winter was higher than that in spring, summer and autumn (P<0.05); a higher PM10 level was observed in spring and winter compared with autumn (P<0.05); SO2level in spring was higher than that in summer and the SO2level in winter was highest (P<0.05). Moreover, NO2level in winter was higher than that in spring, summer and autumn (P<0.05). The level of O3in winter was the lowest compared with spring, summer and autumn (P<0.05). The respiratory disease-specific hospitalization rates in 1-5 year-old children in spring and winter were higher than those in summer and autumn (P<0.05). The primary air pollutants in Lanzhou city in 2015 were PM2.5 and PM10, which did not reach national Grade 2 standard in the most seasons, followed by NO2which did not reach national Grade 2 standard in autumn and winter. Pollution due to SO2and O3was relatively light. SO2in summer and autumn and O3in winter were better than the national Grade 1 standard. Levels of PM10, SO2and NO2 in spring, PM10 in summer, PM2.5, NO2and SO2in autumn, and PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3in winter were positively correlated with respiratory disease-specific hospitalization rates in 1-5 year-old children (r>0.60), although the correlation was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The levels of major air pollutants in Lanzhou city in 2015 showed a similar seasonal distribution to respiratory disease-specific hospitalization rates in 1-5 year-old children. The primary air pollutants varied with the season.%目的 分析兰州市2015年不同季节主要空气污染物水平及其与1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率的相关性,为环境保护和健康教育提供依据.方法 通过"中国空气质量在线监测平台"收集2015年度兰州市主要空气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3)每月平均污染水平的数据,通过"甘肃省卫生系统疾控机构进入医院信息平台"收集同时段兰州市1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率数据.2015年不同季节主要空气污染物水平和1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率比较采用单因素方差分析;根据现行国家标准GB3095-2012,分析不同季节主要空气污染物达到一级标准及二级标准情况;2015年不同季节空气污染物水平与1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率的相关性采用Pearson积矩相关分析.结果 2015年春季PM2.5水平高于秋季,冬季PM2.5水平高于春季、夏季、秋季(P<0.05);春季和冬季PM10水平高于秋季(P<0.05);春季SO2水平高于夏季,冬季SO2水平高于春季、夏季、秋季(P<0.05);冬季NO2水平高于春季、夏季、秋季(P<0.05);冬季O3水平低于春季、夏季、秋季(P<0.05);春季、冬季1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率高于夏季、秋季(P<0.05).2015年兰州市空气污染物以PM2.5和PM10为主,一年四季大多没有达到国家二级标准限制;其次为NO2,尤其是秋冬季节均未达到国家二级标准.空气中SO2和O3的污染较轻, SO2夏、秋季,O3冬季达到国家一级标准.2015年春季PM10、SO2、NO2水平,夏季PM10水平,秋季PM2.5、NO2、SO2水平,冬季PM10、SO2、NO2、O3与1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率呈强正相关(r>0.60),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 2015年兰州市主要空气污染物水平与1~5岁儿童呼吸系统疾病住院率呈相似季节分布特点,不同季节相关的主要空气污染物不同.