Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing;
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;
Shangqiu Normal University;
Shangqiu 476000;
China;
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology;
Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center;
Changzhou University;
Changzhou 213164;
China;
Sulfur vacancy; Electrocatalytic reactions; Functionalities; Surface properties; Energy conversion;