二至三世纪中原疾疫与汉末文学的“悼夭”主题

摘要

汉代社会普遍的“常宜子孙兮日番昌”理想，使得未成年人的生存状况受到重视。宗法责任也要求对“生子”健康更加关注。传世史籍和出土文献均可见“小儿医”进步的迹象，但多种原因导致的未成年人夭亡依然相当严重。以公元二至三世纪中原疾疫为背景，汉赋可见“伤夭”“悼夭”主题，曹植的“稚子”“哀辞”亦表现出深切的艺术感染力，汉碑亦有“夭没”儿童的石刻纪念。“年甫五岁”的早夭童子许阿瞿的墓志与游乐画面的结合，被看作研究汉代未成年人生活的重要资料。对幼小生命的尊重，是文明进步的表现。爱护未成年人的社会情感表达，与讲究亲和、推崇仁爱的文化理念也表现出一致性。%The popular ideal of“Good for Descendants and Breeding More Children in the Future”in the Han Dynasty made the living condition of the minors receive attention. The patriarchal responsibility also required paying more attention to the health of“Giving Birth to A Child”. The historical records and unearthed documents have visible signs of the progress of“pediatric medicine”, but the premature death of the minors due to a variety of reasons is still serious. Regarding the Central Plains epidemics from the Second century to the Third one as background, the theme of“Grieving for the Dying Young”and“Mourning for the Dying Young”could be seen in Han Fu. The poems“Young Child”and“Mourning Words”of Cao Zhi exhibited profound artistic influence, and the Han stone tablets also had the stone memorial of“Dying Young”children. Combining the epitaph of Xu Aqu who died young“in just five years old”with the play picture is seen as the important material to study the Han minors' livings. Respect for the young lives is a civilized progress. The social emotional expression of caring for minors and the cultural ideas of cherishing affinity and respecting love also showed consistency.