宁夏中部扬黄灌区地膜玉米膜孔灌溉技术研究

摘要

在宁夏中部干旱带扬黄灌区,以先玉335号玉米为材料,冬灌改为播前灌,并在玉米大喇叭口后期至抽雄前(7月12日)和灌浆期(8月8日),采用膜孔灌溉方武朴灌2水,研究地膜玉米不同补灌水量对玉米产量及其水分利用效率影响.结果表明:改冬灌为播前灌.可减少玉米拔节期1次灌水,其依据是苗期～拔节期耗水量少;进入大喇叭口期,耗水量增加;抽雄～灌浆期,需水达到高峰期,日耗水强度最高,这是玉米一生最关键需水期.本试验结论为:宁夏中部干旱带,地膜玉米在春灌底墒水条件下,膜孔方武朴灌1 350 m3/hm2和1 800 m3/hm2水量,产量分别为10 568.0 kg/hm2和10 933.1 kg/hm2,水分利用效率为16.75 kg/(hm2·mm)和15.57 kg/(hm2·mm).与大田畦灌灌溉定额3 600 m3/hm2相比,可节水50.0%～62.5%,节约的水用来扩大中部干旱带灌溉面积,可取得节水增产双重效果.%In the irrigable area with Yellow River water in arid zone of central Ningxia, taking the com variety Xianyu 335 as the test material, the fiint irrigation is conducted before sowing instead of during winter, and then twice of supplementary film-hole irrigation is made during late big trumpet - shaped to heading stage (July 12) and during filling stage ( August 8), to study the effect of different amount of supplementary irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency of film-mulched corn. The results indicate that these methods can reduce irrigation once because water consumption decreases during seedling ～ jointing stage but increases during the big trumpet-shaped stage, and it reaches the peak during heading ～ filling stage, which is the critical time for water requirement of corn. And the experiment comes to the conclusion that, in the arid zone of central Ningxia, for film-mulched corn under the condition of soil moisture from spring irrigation, when supplementary film-hole irrigation is conducted with the water amount of 1 350 m3/hm2 and 1 800 m3/hm2,the corn yield is 10 568.0 kg/hm2 and 10 933.1 kg/hm2 respectively, while the water use efficiency is 16.75 kg/(hm2 · mm) and 15.57 kg/(hm2· mm). Compared with the plot irrigation quota of 3 600 m3/hm2, it can save water by 50.0％ ～ 62.5％, and the saved water can be used to expand irrigation area and achieve the dual effects of saving water and increasing yield.