长期定位施肥对设施番茄土壤酶活性及土壤养分动态变化的影响

摘要

To search for the effect of different fertilizations on the microenvironment of greenhouse soil,four kinds of long-term fertilization treatments were set up,i.e.no fertilizer (CK),chicken manure + straw fertilization (M + S),chicken manure + urea fertilization (M + U) and chicken manure + urea + straw fertilization (M + U + S),and dynamic changes of the greenhouse soil nutrients and enzyme activities throughout the growth stages of tomato were studied.Results revealed that the highest activities of invertase and cellulase appeared in the first-fruit stage,while those of urease and acid phosphatase happened in the full-fruit stage,and the fruit-harvest stage witnessed the highest amount of soil organic matter (OM).Both the soil salt concentration and the pH value were significantly reduced after the practice of straw return with high ratio of carbon/nitrogen (C/N),while the contents of soil total nitrogen (TN),OM,available P (AP),available K (AK),and alkalified N (AN) were significantly enhanced by 8.92％-40.71％,9.54％-18.52％,23.65％-27.87％,13.53％-58.81％ and 13.20％-18.25 ％,respectively;and the activity units of invertase,cellulase,urease and acid phosphatase were significantly increased by 13.95-17.93,79.35-103.56,11.50-15.73 and 4.30-8.00.Compared with CK treatment,input of nitrogen-based fertilizer significantly increased the level of soil secondary salinization,and reduced the soil pH and the urease activity in M + U treatment.Application of organic manure significantly increased the content of TN,OM,AP,AK and AN,and enhanced the activities of invertase,cellulase and acid phosphatase.Besides,it was positively correlated between the activities of invertase,cellulose,acid phosphatase and the contents of TN,OM,AP,AK and AN,and between urease and TN.However,there was no obvious correlation between hydrogen peroxidase and all soil nutrients.%为探究不同施肥处理对设施大棚土壤微环境的影响,以寿光市长期定位设施番茄试验大棚为基础,设置4种施肥处理,不施肥(CK)、鸡粪+秸秆施肥(M+S)、鸡粪+尿素施肥(M+U)及鸡粪+尿素+秸秆施肥(M+U+S),对设施番茄生长期内土壤养分及酶活性的动态变化进行了研究和分析.结果表明,番茄生长期内,土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量动态变化,蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性高峰出现在番茄生长的初果期;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性高峰出现在盛果期;拉秧期土壤有机质含量最高.增施高碳氮比作物秸秆显著降低了土壤盐分浓度,明显缓解土壤pH值的下降,番茄生长各时期内土壤全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量显著提高,增幅分别为8.92％ ～40.71％,9.54％～18.52％,23.65％ ～27.87％,13.53％ ～58.81％,13.20％ ～ 18.25％,各时期土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了13.95 ～ 17.93,79.35 ～ 103.56,11.50～15.73,4.30 ～8.00个酶活力单位;相较于不施肥处理,长期氮肥的投入,显著加剧了M+U处理土壤次生盐渍化水平,明显降低了土壤酸碱度,并使该处理土壤脲酶活性显著降低;施用有机肥显著提高了土壤全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量,明显增强了土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和酸性磷酸酶活性.土壤酶活性之间相关性较好,其中蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶之间极显著正相关.蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与全氮、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量之间,脲酶活性与全氮、碱解氮含量均呈极显著正相关,而过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分含量无明显相关性.