THE TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN TECHNIQUES OF THE ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT AND ART NOUVEAU AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION IN THE PRINTED WORKS OF THE BAUHAUS (ENGLAND, GERMANY)

摘要

With the 1890's came a great revival in typographic design. This revival, beginning in England, was influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement and, in particular by William Morris. Morris' views were established from his perceived need to reject the machine age. He wanted to assure the act of typographic design be left in the hands of the designer and not given away to a machine. Morris gave new impetus and new interpretation to ideas on typography and laid the foundations for what was to come in book design of the twentieth century.;A second movement, and one nearly equal in influence to that of the Arts and Crafts Movement, also made a substantial impact on typographic design. This movement, with its origins also in England, became known as Art Nouveau. Art Nouveau brought to the practice of typography a feeling of space and the acceptable practice of asymmetry. It provided one of the key elements in modern graphic design, and, in particular, in modern printing.;Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts Movement made possible the works of the Bauhaus, a technical school in Germany with its emphasis in art and architecture. Typographic experiments were conducted by Bauhaus instructors which led the way to new typographic techniques. In 1925 the Bauhaus abandoned the use of capital letters and by using precise mechanical logic set a new typographic design standard for books and printed material.;The problem of this study was two-fold: (1) To investigate historically the typographic design techniques developed by the Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau, and (2) To discover, through content analysis, which design techniques were reflected in the printed material of the Bauhaus. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to: (1) Provide an historical account of the influences of the Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau on typographic design, (2) Identify the various principles of typographic design developed by both the Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau, and (3) Analyze, through content analysis, the typographic design principles of the Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau as utilized in the printed works of the Bauhaus.