Improving basketball officiating: The identification and standardization of referee's skills in nonverbal communication.

摘要

This study identified and standardized the nonverbal strategies used by high school basketball referees for the purpose of improving their communication skills. The study developed a manual of appropriate and inappropriate nonverbal behaviors for high school basketball officials.;This thesis defined nonverbal behavior norms and basketball officiating terms and supplied an historical perspective of nonverbal applications as they pertain to officiating. The study found that everything referees do makes statements to those who observe their work. The perception of the referee is determined by the referee's use of nonverbal cues. Whether those perceptions are accurate is not important because people believe what they perceive. In officiating, perception is reality. To be perceived as a good referee, then, is not what the referee calls, but how the referee calls it.