On naturalists and archeologists in South America (1880--1940) William Henry Hudson and Hiram Bingham: Imperial encounters and national canon formation (Hiram Bingham, Spanish text, Argentina).

摘要

Using as the starting base the comparison between two different travelers coming from different scientific disciplines, like William Hudson (naturalist) and Hiram Bingham (archaeologist), this dissertation studies the relationship between the scientific knowledge and those discourses that opened the paths for the new Latin American national identities during the first decades of the XXth century in two cultural regions: RIo de la Plata and Cuzco.; The first chapter focuses on the categories of the "primitive man" and "the ancient man", as produced by the natural history (Hudson) and the "Orientalist" archaeology (Bingham) to depict the Latin American man and nature. The said categories are studied in the context of the biologic and social evolutionism, which was used by the metropolitan science to tame, explain and evaluate the Otherness.; The second chapter explores the aesthetic meaning of the "primitive" and "ancient" cultures in the arts and literature of the beginning of the century, its relationship with museums of modern art and aesthetics of the photography and mechanical reproduction in mass-distribution scientific publications, such as National Geographic for which Bingham was working at the time.; The third chapter studies the articulation of Hudson's "primitivism" of the gaucho and the pampa in Argentinean canon as established by Sur magazine, Jorge Luis Borges and Ezequiel Martinez Estrada. This chapter approaches the issue of the intellectual field in relation to the linguistic diversity on the constitution of the literary cannon and its identity projections of the immigration in Argentina during the first half of the XX century.; The fourth chapter looks at the relationships between the North American archaeology and the archaeology from Cuzco, mainly considering the Machu Picchu discovery as seen by Hiram Bingham. The emphasis falls on this dialogue and the exchange in the context of the production of identity-formation discourses that sought to integrate "the indigenous" in the Peruvian modernity. The "ancient man" was used by the members of the intellectual communities in Cuzco to explain the continuity and vitality of the local culture in opposition to the "cultural fossilization" of the indigenous, based on which the metropolitan evolutionism found its roots.