Towards democratic neighborhoods: The emergence of bottom-up citizen engagement in urban China.

摘要

This study describes and analyzes a new phenomenon emerging in urban neighbourhoods in China---bottom-up citizen engagement. Some of the features of this phenomenon include the direct election of community representatives, rights talk, the creation of rules for self-direction, and the formation of grassroots neighbourhood groups. The study looks at how the new values have emerged and the historical and contextual factors that have driven their development. A multi-level analysis was employed in combining a socio-cultural analysis with an empirical examination, including the results of a quantitative survey of residents of several Beijing neighbourhoods.;The empirical data also reveal that factors such as age, levels of education, or residence in a certain type of community structure influence whether or not an individual is likely to engage in bottom-up participation. People's awareness of the option of citizen engagement is gradual and cumulative, but indigenous resources for developing a democratic neighbourhood are increasing, as more people become property owners and have the opportunity to travel to other countries where citizen engagement is more common.;Contemporary Chinese society is often characterized as "Zhuanxing Shehui" (a transitional society), since it is experiencing a dramatic and rapid change from traditional forms to modern ones. Within this transition, traditional values are still used in daily life as new values are emerging. This study allows us to see at the urban grassroots level, not only a dialogue of citizen discourse between the West and East, but also the changing configuration of Chinese culture.;The study shows that new, self-organizing, bottom-up forms are emerging in urban neighbourhoods, related to a focus on law and order. This is an unprecedented development in Chinese culture in contrast with the traditional top-down participatory discourse where neighbourhood involvement is organized by those in authority.