《庄子》中的自由思想与梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中的自由观的比较研究

摘要

本论文以亨利·戴维·梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》与庄子哲学中共有的“自由”思想为出发点，采用平行对比的方法，探索两者“自由”思想之间的异同，进而探究各自不同的文化渊源。论文首先通过详述庄子哲学的重要概念，“真”、“诚”、“伪”和“游”，全面阐述庄子“自由”思想的实质，同时通过追溯梭罗思想的渊源，爱默生的超验主义理论，阐释梭罗“自由”思想的内涵。然后论文比照庄子哲学观点——“虚静”和“无待”与梭罗在《瓦尔登湖》中提出的疑问——文明的得失、“孤独”的生活方式以及食谱的选择等之间的共性，指出庄子思想与梭罗体验之间的诸多相似之处。接着，论文进一步列出两者之间的不同，比如不同的指涉对象、目标以及表达方式，并通过对比《瓦尔登湖》中的“鲈鱼”和“梭鱼”与《庄子·逍遥游》中的“鲲”和“鹏”之间的差异，指出梭罗与庄子借助“鱼化鸟”的自由理想所阐发的自由观之间的本质区别。最后，论文追溯庄子和梭罗各自生活时代、国家状况的差异，探究两者各自的自由观的渊源以及对各自的文化所产生的重要意义，指出庄子“自由”思想的形成不仅深受当时的社会现状的影响，而且充分吸收“巫觋”文化的精髓，其影响遍及中国悠久的文学、艺术创作传统；而梭罗的“自由”观则源于北美清教主义思想、德国理想主义以及中国老子道家思想的影响，其思想对美国社会、文化同样产生巨大影响。

目录

文摘

英文文摘

Acknowledgements

Part One: Introduction

1.1 Studies of the relationship between Thoreau and Chinese philosophy in Western countries and in China

1.1.1 Studies in Western countries

1.1.2 Studies in China

1.2 Proposal of the thesis

Part Two: A Comparison between “Freedom” in Chuang Tzu and “Freedom” in Thoreau's Walden

2.1. Chuang Tzu's concept of“Freedom”

2.1.1 The evolution of Chuang Tzu's concept of“Freedom”

2.1.2 The relation between “Zhen” and “Cheng”

2.1.3 “Zhen” in contrast to “Wei”

2.1.4 Concrete descriptions of“Zhen” in Chuang Tzu

2.2 An expression of“Freedom” in Chuang Tzu

2.2.1 The definition of“You” (to wander)

2.2.2 Performance of Xiao Yao You

2.3 Thoreau's idea of “Freedom”

2.3.1 Relationship among Thoreau's thoughts, Emerson's philosophy and transcendentalism

2.3.2 Thoreau's thoughts of“Freedom” from Emerson's systematical transcendental discipline

2.4. Similarity of Chuang Tzu's and Thoreau's concept of“Freedom”

2.4.1 Similarity between Thoreau's performances in Walden and Chuang Tzu's concept of “Zhen”

2.4.2 Thoreau's serenely fishing at midnight in relation to Chuang Tzu's advocating of“Xujing” (tranquility)

2.4.3 Thoreau's abandonment of eating fish related to Chuang Tzu's “Wudai”(nihility and being)

2.5. Diversity between Chuang Tzu's “Freedom” and Thoreau's “Freedom”

2.5.1 Different objects, targets and methods

2.5.2 Different implications in Walden and Chuang Tzu

Part Three: Origins and Significance of Chuang Tzu's “Freedom” and Thoreau's “Freedom”

3.1. Social background

3.1.1 Social background in Chuang Tzu's time

3.1.2 American social background in Thoreau's day

3.2. Influences of Tradition on Chuang Tzu's “Freedom” and Thoreau's “Freedom”

3.2.1 Traditional economy and culture in Chuang Tzu's time

3.2.2 Transcendental original effects on Thoreau's concept of“Freedom”

3.3 Influences of “Freedom” on its respective culture

3.3.1 Effects of Chuang Tzu's concept of “Freedom” on Chinese literature and art

3.3.2 Effects of Thoreau's thoughts of “Freedom” on American society and literature

Part Four: Conclusion

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