声明
Table of Contents
摘要
Abstract
1.Introduction
2.The Invention of Gunpowder and Cannon in China
3.Firearms between the Mongol Conquests and 1514
3.1 The spreading of gunpowder technology to Europe
3.2 European developments
3.2.1 New firearms
3.2.2 Gunpowder improvements
3.3 East Asian developments
3.4 Summary
4.China’s Adoption of European Cannon,1514-1683
4.1 During the 16th century
4.1.1 Adoption of folangfi and muskets
4.1.2 Firearms during the Japanese invasions of Korea
4.2 During the Manchu conquest
4.2.1 The loss of Manchuria and “red barbarian cannon”
4.2.2 Sun Yuanhua’s failing military reform
4.2.3 Cannon casting in late Ming and carly Qing
4.3 During the Sino-Dutch War
4.4 Summary
5.Developments until the First Opium War
5.1 China’s cannon making backslide
5.2 China’s high living standard and the emergence of the Great Divergence
5.3 Summary
6.A Comparison to the Adoption of European Astronomy
6.1 The calendar crisis and the arrival of the Jesuits
6.2 Jesuit eclipse prediction successes and reform efforts
6.3 The calendar reform
6.4 Limits of the knowledge transmission concerning Copernican theories
6.5 Summary and comparison
7.Conclusion
References