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典型土壤类型中镉、铅的植物有效性及作物环境质量安全诊断指标

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目录

声明

Acknowledgements

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT

摘要

CHAPTER 1 General Introduction and Review of Literature

1.1 Heavy metals in the environment

1.2 Bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil

1.3 Uptake of heavy metals by food crops

1.4 Health risks related to heavy metals

1.5 Environmental quality standards for soils

1.6 Heavy metals and soil microbial community

1.7 Objectives of the study

CHAPTER 2 Cadmium Phytoavailability to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown in Representative Chinese Soils.A Model to Improve Soil Environmental Quality Guidelines for Food Safety

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Materials and methods

2.2.1 Soil collection and analysis

2.2.2 Cd spiking

2.2.3 Green house experiment

2.2.4 Soil and rice grain analysis

2.2.5 Statistical analysis

2.3 Results and discussion

2.3.1 Charaeteristics of soils

2.3.2 Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils after aging of 6 months

2.3.3 Biomass yield of rice

2.3.4 Accumulation of Cd in polished rice grain

2.3.5 Relationship between Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils and grain Cd content

2.3.6 Multiple regression model for predicting cadmium phytoavailability to polished rice

2.3.7 Soil Cd thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in rice

CHAPTER 3 Phytoavailability of Cadmium (Cd) to Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) Grown in Chinese Soils:A Model to Evaluate the Impact of Soil Cd Pollution on Potential Dietary Toxicity

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Materials and methods

3.2.1 Ethies statement

3.2.2 Soil collection and analysis

3.2.3 Cadmium spiking and aging

3.2.4 Containerized experiment

3.2.5 Plant sample collection

3.2.6 Total Cd of soil and plant

3.2.7 Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils

3.2.8 Quality control for Cd analysis

3.2.9 Derivation soil Cd thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in Pak choi

3.2.10.Statistical analysis

3.3 Results

3.3.1 Charaeteristies of soils

3.3.2 Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils after aging of 1 year

3.3.3 Biomass yield of Pak choi

3.3.4 Accumulation and distribution of cadmium in Pak choi

3.3.5 Relationship between Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils and Pak choi Cd content

3.3.6 Soil Cd thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in Pak choi

3.4 Discussion

3.4.1 Biomass yield of Pak choi

3.4.2 Accumulation and distribution of cadmium in Pak choi

3.4.3 Relationship between Mehlich-3-extractable Cd in soils and Pak choi Cd content

3.4.4 Soil Cd thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in Pak choi

3.4.5 Stepwise regression model for predicting cd phytoavailability to Pak choi

CHAPTER 4 Lead Phytoavailability to Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown in Representative Chinese Soils.A Model to Improve Soil Environmental Quality Standards for Food Safety

4.1.Introduction

4.2 Materials and methods

4.2.1 Soil collection and analysis

4.2.2 Lead spiking

4.2.3 Containerized experiment

4.2.4 Soil and rice Pb analysis

4.2.5 Extraetable Pb in soils

4.2.6 Statistical analysis

4.3 Resuits

4.3.1 Mehlich-3-extractable Pb in soils after aging of 6 months

4.3.2 Accumulation and distribution of lead in rice

4.3.3 Biomass yield of rice

4.3.4 Correlation between Pb concentration in rice and different forms of Soil Pb

4.3.5 Soil Pb thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in rice

4.3.6 Stepwise regression model for predicting Pb phytoavailability to rice

4.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 5 Lead Phytoavailability to Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis L.) Grown on Representative Chinese Soils:A Model for Assessment of Soil and Food Safety

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials and methods

5.2.1 Soil collection and analysis

5.2.2 Lead spiking

5.2.3 Pot experiment

5.2.4 Soil and plant Pb analysis

5.2.5 Extractable Pb in soils

5.2.6 Statistical analysis

5.3 Resuits

5.3.1 Mchlich-3-extractable Pb in soils after aging of 1 year

5.3.2 Distribution of Pb in Pak choi

5.3.3 Biomass yield of Pak choi shoots

5.3.4 Correlation between Pb contents in the edible Pak choi shoots and different forms of Pb in various soils

5.3.5 Soil Pb thresholds for potential dietary toxicity in Pak choi shoots

5.3.6 Stepwise Regression Model for Predicting Pb Phytoavailability to Pak choi

5.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 6 Changes in Microbial Biomass and Community Structure due to Cd and Pb Contamination in Acid and Alkaline Soils Growing Rice

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Material and methods

6.2.1 Soil collection and analysis

6.2.2 Soil spiking

6.2.3 Pot experiment

6.2.4 Microbial biomass carbon(MBC)

6.2.5 PLFA extraction

6.2.6 Dehydrogenase activity

6.2.7 Statistical analysis

6.3 Results

6.3.1 Effect of Cd and Pb on microbial biomass carbon(MBO

6.3.2 The microbial community pattern in soils with different Cd and Pb loading rates

6.3.3 Dehydrogenase activity

6.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 7 Major Findings and Future Perspectives

7.1 Major findings

7.2 Future perspectives

References

List of Publications

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摘要

我国土壤类型分布广泛,作物种类也很多,很有必要研究符合我国主要农业土壤与作物类型的镉、铅污染诊断指标,为国家完善镉、铅污染土壤质量标准提供理论依据。本试验选取我国主要土壤类型红壤、砖红壤、黄壤、石灰性紫色土、青紫泥、黑土、潮土,主要研究目的为1)确定典型农业土壤中重金属镉、铅污染食物链安全诊断指标;2)建立逐步回归模型来解释土壤特性和土壤可提取态镉、铅含量对水稻精米中镉、铅有效性的综合影响;3)探索镉、铅污染对于种植水稻的不同土壤类型的微生物生物量、微生物群落结构以及脱氢酶活性的影响。主要研究结果如下:
  1-黑土和红壤中水稻精米镉浓度与土壤总镉有很好的相关性,其污染诊断指标分别为0.77和0.32 mg kg-1。而用Mehlich-3-提取法测定石灰性紫色土,青紫泥土,潮土,砖红壤,黄壤中的有效镉作为土壤镉污染诊断指标,其值分别为0.36,0.22,0.17,0.08 and0.03 mg kg-1。逐步回归模型分析表明,水稻籽粒中镉的有效性与土壤中的有效镉和土壤酸度值有很好的相关性。研究中采用的经验模型解释了土壤性质和提取态镉含量对精米籽粒中镉的有效性的综合影响,实验结果表明水稻中镉的积累受土壤类型的影响,在评价土壤安全需要将这一影响因子考虑在内。因此,选择合适的土壤类型能有利于避免我们食物中镉的污染。
  2-本研究确定典型农业土壤中重金属镉污染食物链安全诊断指标,并且基于土壤理化性质通过逐步回归模型评估土壤中的镉对小白菜的有效性。青紫泥土、石灰性紫色土、潮土、砖红壤、红壤以及黄壤中小白菜中镉的浓度与土壤中有效镉有很高的相关性,因此这六种土壤选择有效镉作为土壤镉污染诊断指标,且分别为0.30,0.25,0.18,0.16,0.15 and0.03 mgkg-1。而和黑土中小白菜镉浓度与总镉浓度相关系数高,以总镉作为土壤镉污染诊断指标,其值为0.86 mg kg-1。逐步回归模型分析结果表明,土壤-小白菜系统中小白菜中镉的浓度主要受土壤酸度值、有机质、总锌和总镉含量控制。由于小白菜中镉的积累量随着土壤类型的不同而不同,为了确保粮食生产安全有必要考虑土壤环境质量。
  3-水稻作为全世界大多数人的主要的粮食来源,铅在水稻中的积累对人体健康危害严重,因此,了解土壤中铅的有效性与水稻地上部铅的积累之间的关系是十分有必要的。本研究依据人类饮食毒性,土壤中的总铅和有效铅的含量建立了中国其中土壤的环境质量标准。石灰性紫色土,黑土,潮土,砖红壤,紫色土和黄壤中的水稻精米中铅的含量与土壤中有效态铅有很好的相关性,其污染诊断指标分别为15.26,14.17,14.10,13.84,13.15,12.62和12.22 mg kg-1。而红壤中的总铅作为污染诊断指标其阀值为99.31 mg kg-1。逐步回归模型分析结果表明,土壤-水稻系统中水稻精米中铅的浓度主要受土壤酸度值、有机质、阳离子交换量控制。水稻中铅的积累受土壤类型的影响,在评价土壤安全需要将这一影响因子考虑在内。因此,选择合适的土壤类型能有利于避免我们食物中铅的污染。
  4-铅在人类活动频繁的地区是一种重要的环境污染物,它存在于土壤,水和大气中,即便是微量的铅也能严重的破坏人体器官。铅在大白菜中的积累对人体健康危害严重,因此,了解土壤中铅的有效性与白菜地上部铅的积累之间的关系是十分有必要的。本实验探究了中国七种不同土壤中种植小白菜的铅积累量,小白菜可食部分的铅含量随着土壤中铅的增加而增加,其顺序依次为:红壤>黄壤>砖红壤>潮土>青紫泥>黑土>石灰性紫色土。黄壤和砖红壤中小白菜中铅的浓度与土壤中总铅有很好的相关性,其污染诊断指标分别为103.07和119.43 mg kg-1。而用Mehlich-3-提取法测定黑土,青紫泥,潮土,红壤和石灰性紫色土中的有效镉作为土壤镉污染诊断指标,其值分别为35.50,27.0320.83,9.0237.01 mg kg-1。逐步回归模型结果表明小白菜中铅的有效性与土壤中有效铅,酸度值,有机质以及阳离子交换量有显著的相关性。研究中采用的经验模型解释了土壤性质和提取态镉含量对白菜中铅的有效性的综合影响,实验结果表明小白菜中铅的积累受土壤类型的影响,在评价土壤安全需要将这一影响因子考虑在内。因此,选择合适的土壤类型能有利于避免我们食物中铅的污染。
  5-农业土壤的重金属污染可能对生态健康产生长期的不良影响。我们在两种不同的土壤类型上进行了水稻种植实验用以评估镉和铅对于微生物生物碳、脱氢酶活性和微生物群落模式的影响。供试植物在温室内进行种植,镉和铅处理均设置五个浓度对照(0,2,4,6,8 mg Cd/kg和0,100,200,400,600 mg Pb/kg)。结果表明:较低污染水平的镉和铅对微生物生物量和脱氢酶活性有明显刺激影响,但是高污染水平却会对这些土壤环境质量指标产生抑制作用。磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)指标显示,土壤类型和以及镉和铅的施用量对微生物群落有显著影响。较高浓度的重金属导致细菌和放线菌PLFA指标的显著减少,但是真菌群落的指数却显著增加。而且重金属的这种毒理学效应在酸性土壤上比碱性土壤表现的更明显。

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