文摘
英文文摘
Introduction
Ⅰ. Existentialism
1. Existentialism defined
2. Hardy as an existentialist
2.1Hardy shares similarities with other existentialists
2.2Hardy expresses existentialism in his novels
3. Pessimistic trend
Ⅱ. Tragedy
1. Tragedy redefined
2. Hardy's novels as tragedy
2.1The influence of Greek tragedy on Hardy's novels
2.2The influence of Shakespearean tragedy on Hardy's novels
3. Pessimistic trend
Ⅲ. Religion
1. Religion is expressed in Hardy's novels.
1.1 Positive side
1.2 Negative side
2. Pessimistic trend
Ⅳ. Darwinism
1. Darwinism
2. Influence of Darwinism on Hardy
3. Pessimistic trend
Conclusion
Works Cited
Acknowledgement