自然通风温室滴灌下试验研究土壤水分分布、肥料和作物生长

摘要

作者于2012年8月至11月、2013年3月至7月、2013年9月至11月在扬州大学某温室大棚耕作系统中分别对玉米、番茄和黄瓜进行研究。本研究目的包括:1)在受试作物处于温室自然通风条件下，研究不同滴灌水量对植物生长、产量和品质的影响;2）研究确定这三种受试作物适宜的滴灌水量、玉米最适宜的氮肥施用量以及根部的水分运动情况;3）估计灌溉水分生产率并确定受试作物的滴灌制度。温室大棚为半圆形，底部为6m×30m的矩形，覆盖有白色聚乙烯薄膜，采用南北向布置。温室大棚的土壤为砂壤土，pH值为7.1。利用FAO-56推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯公式计算作物腾发量(ETc)。玉米的试验设计采用完全随机设计，包含灌溉和施肥两个因素。灌溉制度分为四种水平:I1=1.25 ETc，I2=1.00ETc，I3=0.75 ETc和I4=0.50ETc。施肥制度分为三种标准（相对于推荐的氮肥施用量）:F1=1.25，F2=1.00和F3=0.75。对于番茄和黄瓜，安排了两组不同的试验，分别作为随机分组试验设计和完全随机分组试验设计。每组试验包含五种灌溉制度，每钟灌溉制度有三个重复组。针对番茄和黄瓜的五种灌溉制度分别对应作物腾发量的150％、125％、100％、75％和50％。
　　研究结果表明，不同的灌溉和施肥制度会对作物的生长、产量和品质产生显著影响。对于玉米的研究表明，0.5ETc的非充分灌溉条件下，将获得26.8t/ha的最高产量和0.209tha-1mm-1的最大灌溉水分生产率。非充分灌溉在控制灌溉的条件下产量提高了11.7％，在过量灌溉的条件下(1.25ETc)产量提高了8.1％，同时还获得了16.6cm的更高穗长。125％的最高施氮量获得26.2t/ha的最高产量，水分含量为最高值57.2％，100个种子干重中水分含量为20.4g。在控制施肥条件下，最高氮含量获得了11％的产量提升。
　　番茄试验的结果显示，在I100的水分状况下获得了78.6tha-1的可销售产量，此时灌溉水分生产率为0.479tha-1mm-1，同时植株高度和叶绿素含量更高，分别为125.5cm和56.4spad。关于I75水分状况下的作物产量发现了相似的结果。100％ETc增加了13.6％的可销售产量，高于75％ETc。在总可溶物(TSS)和果形指数(FSI)方面I75和I100并无大的差别。对于黄瓜，T100水分条件下(100％ETc)获得了37.8t/ha的最高产量，T50水分条件下获得了27.2t/ha的最低产量。
　　对不同的灌溉标准，T100水分条件下得到了最高产量，分别比T50，T75，T150和T125的产量高了39％、27.7％、3.9％和1.3％。关于作物的生长参数和品质，T100获得了叶面积指数、叶绿素、果实数量、果实长度、果实重量的最大值。在T50(50％ETc)的水分条件下，灌溉水分生产率最大，为0.340tha-1mm-1。在T150(150％ETc)的水分条件下，灌溉水分生产率最低，为0.152tha-1mm-1。
　　基于本研究，得出以下结论:125％(F1)施肥率是得到最高玉米产量的最佳施肥条件，并提高了生产质量。在滴灌条件下，对玉米的0.5ETc的非充分灌溉，以及对番茄和黄瓜的1.00ETc灌溉是得到最高产量和提高生产质量的最佳灌溉水量。

目录

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

摘要

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1．1 Introduction

1．2 Literature review

1．2．1 Irrigation methods

1．2．2 Types of drip irrigation Systems

1．2．3 Water Requirements

1．2．4 Water supply and quality

1．2．5 Water management of drip irrigation

1．2．6 Fertigation

1．2．7 Fertigation system advantages and utilizations

1．2．8 Advanced concept of drip irrigation

1．2．9 Soil moisture distribution under drip irrigation

1．2．10 Advantages of drip irrigation

1．2．11 Disadvantages of drip irrigation

1．2．12 Crop growth stag

1．2．13 Influence of the crop growth stages on water requirements

1．2．14 Greenhouse crop production

1．3 Research objectives

CHAPTER 2 THE EFFECTS OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION ON GROWTH，YIELD AND QUALITY OF WAXY MAIZE(Zea mays L．)IN GREENHOUSE

2．1 Introduction

2．1．1 Maize crop significance

2．1．2 Irrigation efficiency

2．1．3 Water use efficiency

2．1．4 Irrigation water use efficiency

2．1．5 Water saving

2．1．6 Research objectives

2．2 Materials and method

2．2．1 Site description

2．2．2 Soil texture

2．2．3 Soil pH and Electrical conductivity

2．2．4 Organic matter

2．2．5 Total content of Nitrogen，Phosphorus and Potassium

2．2．6 Field Capacity(FC)

2．2．7 Permanent Wilting Point(PWP)

2．2．8 SURFER 10 Software

2．2．9 Calculation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc)

2．2．10 Tabulated Kc values

2．2．11 Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)

2．2．12 Microclimate inside the greenhouse

2．2．13 Experimental design and treatments

2．2．14 Drip irrigation system design

2．2．15 Plant cultivation system

2．2．16 Crop growth，yield and quality parameters measurements

2．2．17 Irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization used

2．2．18 Nutrient use efficiency

2．2．19 Statistieal analysis

2．3 Results and discussion

2．3．1 Microclimate inside the greenhouse

2．3．2 Water movement in the soil

2．3．3 Effects of Irrigation and Fertigation on maize growth parameters

2．3．4 Soil water distribution in relation to different irrigation levels，water uptake and maize crop yield

2．3．5 Effect of irrigation and fertigation on maize yield and quality

2．3．6 Drip irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)

2．4 Summary

CHAPTER 3 RESPONSE OF GREENHOUSE TOMATO GROWTH，YIELD AND QUALITY TO DRIP IRRIGATION

3．1 Introduction

3．1．1 Tomato production and problems

3．1．2 Response of plant roots to drip irrigation and fertilization

3．1．3 The influence of the climate on crop water needs

3．1．4 Influence of the crop type on the crop water needs

3．1．5 Method to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)

3．1．6 Research objectives

3．2 Materials and methods

3．2．1 Site and soil

3．2．2 Calculation of reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)and cropeVapotranspiration(ETc)

3．2．3 Experimental design and irrigation treatments

3．2．4 Drip irrigation system design

3．2．5 Greenhouse Management

3．2．6 Crop growth，yield and quality parameters measurements

3．2．7 Irrigation water applied

3．3 Results and discussion

3．3．1 Effect of air temperature inside the greenhouse

3．3．2 Soil water movement

3．3．3 Influence of irrigation treatments on tomato growth parameters

3．3．4 Soil water distribution in relation to different irrigation levels，water uptake and tomato crop yield

3．3．5 Tomato yield and Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)

3．3．6 Influence of irrigation treatments on tomato quality characteristics

3．3．7 Response of tomato yield and quality to water deficit

3．4 Summary

CHAPTER4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DRIP IRRIGATION WATERAMOUNTS AND IRIUGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY FOR CUCUMBER(CUCUMIS SATIVUSL．)

4．1 Introduction

4．1．1 Emission uniformity

4．1．2 Irrigation efficiency

4．1．3 Research objectives

4．2 Materials and methods

4．2．1 Site and soil

4．2．2 Calculation of reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)and crop evapotranspiration(ETc)

4．2．3 Experimental design and irrigation treatments

4．2．4 Drip irrigation system design

4．2．5 Greenhouse Management

4．2．6 Crop growth，yield and quality parameters measurements

4．2．7 Irrigation water applied for treatments

4．2．8 Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)

4．3 Results and discussion

4．3．1 Soil water movement in irrigation treatments

4．3．2 Cucumber growth data

4．3．3 Soil water distribution in relation to different irrigation levels，water uptake and cucumber crop yield

4．3．4 Cucumber yield and quality data

4．3．5 Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)

4．3．6 Drip irrigation emission uniformity

4．4 Summary

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS

5．1 Conclusions

5．2 Recommendations

5．3 Future researches

5．4 Publications

REFERENCES

Appendices

声明