声明
Abstract
摘要
List of Abbreviations
Contents
Chapter 1
1．1 Introduction
1．1．1 The Global Importance of Sub-Saharan Africa-Evidence from U．S-China Engagement
1．1．2 The United States-China Significance Development to Sub-Saharan African
1．1．3 The Purposes of Foreign Aid
1．2 Research Question
1．3 Aim and Objective of the study
1．4 Methodology
1．4．1 A Case Study
1．4．2 Validity
1．4．3 Triangulation
1．4．4 Reliable
1．4．5 Objectivity
1．5 Significance of the Study
1．6 Organization of the work
1．6．1 Thesis outline
1．7 Limitations
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2．0 Theoretical Perspective and Review of Literature
2．1 The Determinants of Aid：Theoretical Perspectives
2．2 Motive for Aid
2．2．1 Donors Motive
2．2．2 Moral and Humanitarian Motive
2．2 National Self-interest： Commercial and Political Motive
2．3 A Dialectic Relationship：Development Theory and Aid Practice
2．3．1 Development Theory Established
2．3．2 Leftist Criticism
2．3．3 Rightist Theories
2．3．4 The Element of Politics
2．4 Foreign Aid and Economic Development
2．5 Aid Effectiveness
2．5．1 Comparing Opinions of World Leading Experts and Influencers on Aid Effectiveness
2．5．2 The Management/Mismanagement of Foreign Aid
2．6 The Link between Aid and Economic Growth
2．6．1 An Aid-financed“Big Push Theory”
2．6．2 The Efficacy of Aid in a Good Policy Environment Theory
2．6．3 Practical Observation and Lesson from the Relationship between Aid and Economic Growth Literature Review
2．6．4 Summing Up
2．7 The United States and China Aid：Existing Literature and Theoretical Perspectives
2．7．1 Theorizing the United States Aid Policy
2．7．2 Theorizing Chinese Aid
2．7．3 Driving Forces：Theorizing Chinese Engagement
2．7．4 Tools of Influence：Theorzing China’s Soft Power Strategy
2．7．5 Summing Up
Chapter 3 China Pursuing “Mutual Interests” From Donor to Recipient
3．1 China-Africa Relationship
3．1．1 Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．2 China-Africa Relationship History and the Progress
3．2．1 Ideology and Fast Expansion：The 1950s and 1960s
3．2．2 Pragmatism and Modest Interaction：The 1970s and Early 1980s
3．2．3 Win-Win Cooperation and Rediscovery：The Mid-1980s to the Early 1990s
3．2．4 Going Global：The Mid-1990s to the Present
3．2．5 Going Out：Institutions and Instruments in China’s Overseas Development Finance
3．3 China-Africa Policy and Its Change
3．4 History of Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．4．1 China’s First Assistance to Africa
3．4．2 Credibility as a Fellow Developing Country
3．4．3 Other African Nations to Receive China’s Aid
3．4．4 China’s Aid Policy Declaration to Africa Countries
3．5 Overall Situation of Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．5．1 Volume
3．5．2 Geographical Distribution
3．5．3 Sector Distribution
3．5．4 The Impact of Chinese Infrastructure Investment in Africa
3．6 Modality
3．6．1 Complete Projects
3．6．2 Ports
3．6．3 Rail
3．6．4 Roads
3．6．5 Water and Sanitation
3．6．6 Good and Materials
3．6．7 Technical Assistance
3．6．8 Human Resources Development Cooperation
3．6．9 Medical Team
3．6．10 Emergence Humanitarian Aid
3．6．11 Debt Relief
3．6．12 Disbursement Timing
3．6．13 Procurement Practice
3．7 Aid sources
3．7．1 Export Buyers Credits
3．7．2 Concessional Loans
3．7．3 Grant and Zero-Interest Loans
3．8 Strategy and Policy
3．8．1 Motivations
3．8．2 Strategy
3．8．3 Policy
3．8．4 Principles
3．9 Management and Aid Effectiveness
3．9．1 Organization
3．9．2 The state-Coordination Challenges and MOFCOM Lead
3．9．3 Management
3．9．4 Evaluation
3．9．5 Aid-Effectiveness
3．10 Impact on Africa
3．10．1 Three Strong Points to Hold
3．10．2 Trade，Investment and Economic Growth
3．10．3 Economic Growth
3．10．4 Employment
3．10．5 China’s Environmental and Human Rights Impact
3．11 Overall Evaluation of Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．11．1 The Typical Characteristics of Chinese Foreign Aid
3．11．2 Western Points on Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．11．3 Why Africans Prefer China to the West
3．11．4 China’s Reaction to External Criticism
3．11．5 Rhetorical Counter-Offensive
3．11．6 African Points on Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa
3．11．7 What African Countries Want from China：Priority Areas
3．11．8 Steps That can be Taken to Improve Cooperation with China
3．11．9 The Example of Health
3．12 Analyzing Chinese Aid
3．12．1 The Chinese Development Model
3．12．2 To Take Pride in Self-reliance
3．12．3 Peaceful Development
3．13 Comments on Chinese Foreign Aid to Africa and Recommendation
3．13．1 Managing Aid Policy
3．13．2 Co-operation with Traditional Donors
3．13．3 Broadening the FOCAC Constituency
3．13．4 Engaging African Institutions
3．13．5 More Transparency，More Cooperation
3．13．6 Looking to the Future
Chapter 4 United States Foreign Aid Assistance Program and Policy to Sub-Saharan Africa
4．1 Overview of U．S Foreign aid Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa
4．2 U．S-Africa Relations
4．2．1 U．S．Assistance
4．3 Review of Historic/Current US-Africa Policy
4．4 Overall Situation of United States Foreign Aid to Africa
4．4．1 Volume of U．S Aid
4．4．2 Regional Distribution
4．4．3 Sector Distribution
4．5 U．S．Development Assistance Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa
4．5．1 DFA and Child Survival Assistance
4．5．2 Humanitarian Aid
4．5．3 Peace Corps
4．5．5 Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds
4．6 Regional Programs
4．6．1 African Development Foundation
4．6．2 Millennium Challenge Account
4．6．3 The african Developmer Fund
4．6．4 Refugee and Disaster Assistance
4．6．5 Multilateral Assistance
4．7 Aid sources
4．7．1 What Are the Different Forms in Which Assistance is Provided
4．8 Organization，Management and Aid Effectiveness
4．8．1 Organization and Management
4．8．2 Effectiveness of U．S Aid to Africa
4．9 Impact on Africa
4．9．1 Trade，Investment and Economic Growth
4．9．2 U．S Imports from Sub-Saharan Africa
4．9．3 AGOA Imports
4．9．4 U．S． Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa
4．9．5 Economic Growth
4．10 Analyzing the United States Aid Policy
4．10．1 The Perspective of the poor
4．10．2 The Rights Perspective
4．10．3 The Growth Perspective：Pro-poor Growth
4．10．4 The Perspective of Harmonization
4．10．5 Theoretical Perspectives
4．10．6 The Strategic Interest Perspective
4．11 African View on United States Foreign Aid to Africa
4．12 Comment and Recommendation
4．12．1 Summing Up
4．13 Preliminary Comparative Observations of U．S-China Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter 5 Some Case Studies：Evidence from What the Dragon and the Eagle are doing in Ethiopia，Kenya and Nigeria
5．0 Looking at the Dragon：Evidence from Country-by-Country View
5．1 Enter the Dragon
5．1．1 China：Infrastructure Financier in Ethiopia
5．2 China：A Comprehensive Partner in the Making
5．2．1 Setting Up New Instruments and Structures for Cooperation
5．2．2 Fostering Mutually Beneficial Relations
5．2．3 What Ethiopia has Benefited Out of the Bilateral Relations
5．2．4 Challenges
5．3 China：Infrastructure Financier in Kenya
5．3．1 China’s Aid to Kenya
5．3．2 Size，Features and the Significance of China’s Development Aid to Kenya
5．3．3 The Importance of China’s Aid to Kenya
5．3．4 The Main Institutions Involved in Development Assistance
5．3．5 China’s Aid Policy to Kenya
5．3．6 Beneficiary or Loser Groups
5．4 China：Infrastructure Financier in Nigeria
5．4．1 Other Aid Contributions
5．4．2 China-Assisted Borehole Drilling and Water Supply Projects
5．4．3 Establishment of a Hospital in Abuja
5．4．4 Nigeria’s Railway
5．4．5 Training Programmes Sponsored by the Chinese Government
5．4．6 Wearing Thin：China’s Relationship with Nigeria has Faced Battering in Recent Years
5．5 Looking at the Eagle：Evidence from Country-by-Country View
5．5．1 Pursuing Progress：United States Program Overview in Ethiopia
5．5．2 Peace and Security
5．5．3 Governing Justly and Democratically
5．5．4 Investing in People
5．5．5 Investing in People Health Care
5．5．6 Investing in People Educational Improvement
5．5．7 The Road Ahead
5．5．8 Ethiopia United States Humanitarian Assistance
5．6 Maintaining the Momentum：Key Development in Kenya
5．6．1 United States Foreign Aid Assistance in Kenya Priority：Promoting Just and Democratic Governance
5．6．2 Advancing the Government of Kenya’s Reform Agenda
5．6．3 Reinforcing Good Governance
5．6．4 Investing in People：Health
5．6．5 USAID/Kenya Health Assistance
5．6．6 Investing in People：Education
5．6．7 USAID／Kenya Assistance：Preparing Youth to Work and to Lead
5．6．8：USAID Humanitarian Assistance
5．7 Engaging Nigeria
5．7．1 United States in Nigeria
5．7．2 United States Foreign Assistance Priorities：Investing in People
5．7．3 Governing Justly and Democratically Strategy
5．7．4 Education Strategy
5．7．5 Health，Population and Nutrition Strategy
5．7．6：USAID Support
5．7．7 U．S Security Assistance to Nigeria(FY 1999-2010)
5．7．8 U．S Security Assistance to Nigeria for Military Operations in the Niger Delta
5．8 Preliminary Comparative Observations of U．S-China Foreign Aid Assistance to Ethiopia，Kenya and Nigeria
Chapter 6 A Comparative Analysis on United States and China Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa
6．1 Comparing the Aid Practice：The United States and China Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa
6．1．1 Organization of the Comparative Analysis
6．2 History：The Aid Relationship
6．2．1 The U．S-Africa Aid Relationship
6．2．2 The Sino-Africa Aid Relationship
6．2．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．3 Extent：The Volume Performances
6．3．1 The United States Aid Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa
6．3．2 The Chinese Aid Flows Sub-Saharan Africa
6．3．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．4 Aid Modalities
6．4．1 The United States Aid Modalities
6．4．2 Chinese Aid Modalities
6．4．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．5 Sector Preferences
6．5．1 The United States Sector Preferences
6．5．2 Chinese Sector Preferences
6．5．3 Preliminary Comparative Observation
6．6 Aid Conditions
6．6．1 The United States Aid Conditions
6．6．2 Chinese Aid Conditions
6．6．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．7 Donor Harmonization
6．7．1 The United States Harmonization
6．7．2 Chinese Harmonization
6．7．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．8 Recipient-Orientation
6．8．1 The United States Recipient-Orientation
6．8．2 Chinese Recipient-Orientation
6．8．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．9 U．S-Africa Trade Cooperation
6．9．1 Sino-Africa Trade Cooperation
6．9．2 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．9．3 Preliminary Comparative Observations
6．9．4 Summing Up
6．10 Comparing Africa Responses
6．10．1 Learning from Each Other
6．10．2 Meeting Point
6．10．3 Recommendations for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries
Chapter 7
7．1 Conclusions-Making Sense of Chinese and the United States Aid
7．2 Rationale for Aid Establishment
7．3 Means and Behaviour
7．4 Final Conclusion
Reference
Acknowledgement
