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On the Nature and Formal Analysis of Indexical Presuppositions

机译:索引预设的性质和形式分析

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This paper is divided into an empirical part and a theoretical part. The empirical part rediscovers a peculiar creature which was found by [Cooper, 1983] and then plunged back into the abyss of oblivion — indexical presuppositions, a special kind of "presuppositions" which can only, according to Cooper, be satisfied in the actual world. Cooper claimed that presuppositions of the gender features of free anaphoric pronouns induce such non-projecting "presuppositions". I enlarge the empirical scope of the discovery by showing that, first, indexical presuppositions are induced by gender features of all anaphoric pronouns, not just the free ones; and second, that their satisfaction requirements are more complicated than simple "satisfaction in the actual world only." On the theoretical side, I sketch three possible analyses of indexical presuppositions. The first one relies on direct copying of features from the antecedent, but meets certain serious problems. More work is needed in order to figure out if that theory can actually be worked out. The second theory employs a very complex constraint on choosing the name for the world variable of the pronoun, crucially using both syntax of the sentence and the model against which it is interpreted. The third one, in a sense the least conventional of all three, moves all the work to semantics, and analyzes indexical presuppositions as conditions on a rich structure of worlds, somewhat doubling the structure of embedding in the formula, which replaces the standard single possible world evaluation parameter.
机译:本文分为实证部分和理论部分。实验部分重新发现了[Cooper,1983]发现的奇特生物,然后又跌入了遗忘的深渊–索引性预设,一种特殊的“预设”,根据Cooper的说法,只有在现实世界中才能满足。库珀声称,自由照应代词的性别特征的预设会诱发这种非投射的“预设”。通过显示以下事实,我扩大了发现的经验范围:首先,指示性预设是由所有隐喻代词(不仅是自由代词)的性别特征所致;其次,他们的满意度要求比简单的“仅现实世界中的满意度”要复杂得多。从理论上讲,我对索引预设进行了三种可能的分析。第一个依赖于先前特征的直接复制,但是遇到了一些严重的问题。为了确定该理论是否真的可以解决,需要做更多的工作。第二种理论在选择代词世界变量的名称时采用了非常复杂的约束,关键是同时使用句子的语法和对其进行解释的模型。从某种意义上说,第三个是最不常见的,将所有工作移到语义上,并分析索引前提作为条件,作为丰富世界结构上的条件,从而使公式中嵌入结构的结构加倍,从而替换了可能的标准单个世界评估参数。

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