In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the anisotropic work-hardening of polycrystalline metals under strain-path changes at large strains. Several purely phenomenological models have been proposed to describe the deformation-induced evolution of the yield surface. However, such models fail generally to describe the influence of a predeformation on the subsequent work-hardening behaviour beyond the microplastic stage, e.g. the work-hardening stagnation under reversed deformation at large strains, or the work-softening following an orthogonal change in the direction of the strain path.
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