E-mirrors comprised of cameras and visual displays are expected to replace current side mirrors. Although previous studies have extensively examined the effects of E-mirror size and location on drivers' performance, safety, and preference, little is known about the required E-mirror luminance levels for diverse ambient light conditions that are typically involved in driving. This study examined the effects of ambient light conditions on the preferred E-mirror luminance levels. Sixteen individuals with a mean (SD) age of 25.7 (5.8) years participated in this study. All participants were recruited from a university student population and had more than two years of driving experience. All participants reported no color deficiency. A local institutional review board approved this study. This study considered four levels of ambient light conditions, two levels of eye adaptation (light and dark), and two levels of eye adaptation phase (initial and final). The four illuminance levels simulated daytime driving (600 lux), tunnel driving (daytime and nighttime; 100 lux), nighttime driving (3 lux), and sunlight condition. The daytime, tunnel, and nighttime driving involved looking at a corresponding driving scene projected on the front screen under a specific illuminance level, which was controlled by the indoor lighting system. The sunlight condition involved looking outside through the room window instead of looking at the front screen. A driving simulator was implemented using a car seat, a gaming steering wheel, and a beam projector. Two tablet PCs with an 8.0-inch screen of 9.8 (height) × 6.13 (width) cm (Galaxy Tab A 8.0 2017, Samsung Electronics, South Korea) were used as E-mirror displays. The E-mirror brightness could be manually adjusted using the steering wheel buttons, which were connected to the two tablet PCs. The SCANeR™ studio (v1.1, Oktal, France) driving scenes corresponding to each illumination condition were used in this study. Two distinct driving scenarios were considered. The first driving scenario was for daytime ambient light conditions, and consisted of the first daytime driving (DD_1), first daytime tunnel driving (DTD_1), DD_2, DTD_2, DD_3, and daytime sunlight driving (DSD). In this scenario, DTD induced dark adaptation, and DD induced light adaptation. The second scenario was for nighttime driving, and consisted of the first nighttime driving (ND_1), first nighttime tunnel driving (NTD_1), ND_2, NTD_2, ND_3, and nighttime sunlight driving NSD. ND involved dark adaptation, whereas NTD involved light adaptation. Both DD_1 and ND_1 were included to reduce the effect of the ambient light condition outside of the experimental room.
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机译：包含由摄像机和可视显示显示的电子镜子可以更换电流侧视镜。尽管以前的研究已经广泛地检查了电子镜子尺寸和位置对驾驶员的性能，安全性和偏好的影响，但是关于通常涉及驱动的各种环境光条件所需的电子镜亮度较少的知之甚少。本研究检测了环境光条件对优选的电子镜亮度水平的影响。平均（SD）年龄为25.7（5.8）年的十六个个人参加了这项研究。所有参与者都是从大学生人口招募的，并且有两年多的驾驶经验。所有参与者都没有报告无缺陷。当地的机构审查委员会批准了这项研究。本研究认为四个级别的环境光条件，眼睛适应（光和暗）的两种水平，以及两级眼睛适应阶段（初始和最终）。四个照度水平模拟日间驾驶（600勒克斯），隧道驾驶（白天和夜间; 100勒克斯），夜间驾驶（3勒克斯）和阳光条件。涉及在特定照度水平下观察在前屏幕上投影的相应驾驶场景的白天，隧道和夜间驾驶，该驾驶场地由室内照明系统控制。阳光条件涉及通过房间窗口看，而不是看前屏幕。使用汽车座椅，游戏方向盘和梁投影仪实现驾驶模拟器。两个带有8.0英寸屏幕的平板电脑9.8（高度）×6.13（宽度）cm（Galaxy Tab A 8.0 2017，Samsung Electronics，韩国）用作电子镜像。可以使用与两个平板电脑连接的方向盘按钮手动调节电子镜亮度。在本研究中使用了与每个照明条件相对应的扫描仪™工作室（V1.1，OKTAL，法国）驾驶场景。考虑了两个不同的驾驶场景。第一驾驶场景是白天环境光条件，并由第一日间驱动（DD_1），第一白天隧道驱动（DTD_1），DD_2，DTD_2，DD_3和白天太阳光驱动（DSD）组成。在这种情况下，DTD诱导的深色适配和DD感应光适应。第二种情况是夜间驾驶，并由第一夜间驾驶（ND_1），第一夜间隧道驱动（NTD_1），ND_2，NTD_2，ND_3和夜间阳光驱动NSD。 ND涉及深色适应，而NTD涉及光适应。包括DD_1和ND_1，以减少实验室外部的环境光状况的效果。
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