No discussion of tundish operations could be considered complete without addressing the issue of tundish nozzle clogging and castability. Despite a plethora of published works in the literature, this issue remains the undisputed prime challenge to casting operations. Concise reviews of the relevant issues in tundish nozzle clogging, including freezing and inclusion separation and interaction with the refractories, have recently been provided by Rackers and Thomas as well as Frank. Nevertheless, it is true that the castability problem persists to a varying extent in virtually all continuous casting operations.
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