A detailed description and results of a pilot scale laboratory refining investigation of upgraded mixed brown waste furnish using a 12" single disk is presented. Use of Bijective Diagram technique, originally developed by French Paper School and Bonpertuis Steelworks, France is found to be a powerful technique in optimising fillings of low consistency refiners and refining parameters for secondary fibre. For a given specific refining energy, refiner tackles, such as sum of the grinding angles, grinding code and sectorisation angle of the refiner plates have significant effects on development of pulp characteristics through refining. For the upgraded 100% waste furnish studied, the use of refiner plates, with the sum of the grinding angles having higher value, gave significantly improved strength development over the range of specific refining energy investigated, at constant specific edge load, grinding code and sectorisation angle of the refiner plates. Typical improvement in key paper properties of handsheet made from recycled pulp samples, refined at 45 kWh/t net specific refining energy, are between 10% and 20% higher. For the secondary fibre investigated, higher refining intensity had more cutting effect on fibre, rather than fiberizing. For this pulp, the optimum SEL is found to be 0.5 Ws/m.
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