Augmented reality (AR) offers many opportunities to make our lives easier. One example is to help us navigate handsfreeand eyes-out in novel or unprepared environments. Cell phone-based Global Positioning System (GPS) applicationshave relieved us of some of the more burdensome tasks of map reading and route learning, but over-reliance on thistechnology has been shown to provide an impoverished understanding of the environment. What happens then when GPSis not available or the signals are compromised, as when one is indoors, in deep urban canyons, or in heavy forest, or whenGPS is purposely jammed?This review will examine the psychological mechanisms of human wayfinding and navigation, towards an understandingof how we achieve Survey knowledge of an environment. We also look at examples of animals who navigate long distancesusing the earth’s magnetic field, celestial cues and polarized light from the sun, moon and stars, as well as odometry,optical flow and landmark recognition. From this bio-inspired perspective, we discuss requirements for a hybrid, multimodalnavigation and tracking system for a targeted set of users who operate in high stress environments. What we find isthat a combination of both Allocentric (external) and Egocentric (internal) navigation cues are required; and becauseAllocentric cues may be intermittent or unreliable, good path integration is required.
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