Actual interactions between human users and computers occur at the user interface, which includes both hardware and software. When users attempt to input sensitive information to computers, a kind of shoulder surfing that might use direct observation techniques, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get the information could be a great concern at the user interface. In this paper, we observe privacy-related issues at the user interface and then present an abstract model for privacy-preserving human-computer interactions. In such an abstract model, we also present two prototype methods which could work with traditional input devices.
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