A Study on the Formation of Hindu-Buddhist Candi Architecture in the Capital City of Kingdom during 'Bali Majapahit Period' at Bali Island

摘要

This paper will analyze the Hindu-Buddhist candis which were built in the Bali Majapahit Period" in order to determine its concepts and meanings behind their formations in the capital city of kingdom at the island of Bali. Mainly, a discussion will be addressed on the analysis of the religious concepts, local genius beliefs, site positions and architectural orientations.Moreover, Smarapura and Mengwi will be reviewed as case studies of the capital cities of kingdoms where some candis architecture still can be found. Both capital cities were formed by the meeting line between the North-South directions and East-West directions and also its might have got some influences from the East Javanese of Majapahit Kingdom. As a result, it could be concluded that there was an adaptation process between religious and the local genius concept. Hence, the candi site is generally positioned on the Northeast direction from the catuspatha of the capital city of kingdom and orientated either to the East-West directions or the North-South directions. Besides that the candi architecture is usually placed at the utama mandala, its orientation and architectural appearances have a certain symbol and meaning.