Railway bridges; safety assessment; load capacity evaluation; safety requirements;assessment procedures, masonry bridges, metal bridges, concrete bridges, bridge loads

摘要

Glass as a building material is used in a multitude of new applications like modern glass facades.Glass facades have to fulfil basic aspects like protection against climatic influence andenvironmental pollution, protection against fire and burglary. Important points in these times are acontribution to a positive energy balance.In this paper different types of facades, which can be used for small buildings just as for high risetall buildings are presented; second facades, point fixed glazing, sound panels and facades withchannel shaped glass are shown. In the field of point fixtures many different kind of fittings (withbore holes, without bore holes, undercut anchors) are possible for different applications of facades.An important field is the rehabilitation of old buildings with a new fa?ade to get buildings with apositive energy balance and a low CO2 emission.For the presented fa?ade-types technical aspects like principle design rules and static calculation ofglass are presented. Depending on the fa?ade type the design requires a high knowledge of theengineer.Finally some build examples like the high-rise building "Münchner Tor", the fa?ade of the theatre"Kammerspiele München" and some examples from Europe with point fixtures are presented.