Over the past several years, we have flown a set of calibrated electric field meters (FMs)on the NASA high altitude ER-2 aircraft over many oceanic and land-based storms. These included tropical oceanic cyclones and hurricanes in the Caribbean and Atlantic ocean during the Third and Fourth Convection And Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3, 1998; CAMEX-4, 2001), thunderstorms in Florida during the Texas Florida Underflight (TEFLUN-B, 1998) experiment, tropical thunderstorms in Brazil during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM LBA, 1999), and finally, hurricanes and tropical cyclones in the Caribbean and Western Pacific during the Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP, 2005)mission. With these various missions we have over 50 sorties that provide unique insights into the different electrical environments, evolution and activities occurring in and around these various types of storms. In general, the electric fields over the tropical oceanic storms and hurricanes were less than a few kilovolts per meter at the ER-2 altitude, while the lightning rates were low. Land-based thunderstorms often produced high lightning activity and correspondingly higher electric fields. The logarithmic mean peak fields of land based storms (843 V m -1 ) was twice that of ocean based storms (423 V m -1 ) while mean lightning counts for land storms (21.4) were almost six times those of oceanic storms (3.7).
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机译：在过去的几年中，我们在许多海洋和陆地风暴中，在NASA高空ER-2飞机上飞行了一套经过校准的电场计（FM）。其中包括在第三和第四次对流和水分实验（CAMEX-3，1998; CAMEX-4，2001）期间在加勒比海和大西洋的热带海洋气旋和飓风，在德克萨斯州佛罗里达地下飞行期间在佛罗里达州的雷暴雨（TEFLUN-B，1998） ）实验，在热带雨量测量任务期间在巴西进行的热带雷暴–亚马逊地区的大型生物圈-大气实验（TRMM LBA，1999年），最后是在热带云系统和过程中在加勒比海和西太平洋的飓风和热带气旋（ TCSP，2005）。通过执行这些不同的任务，我们进行了50多次飞行，对这些不同类型的风暴及其周围发生的不同电气环境，演变和活动提供了独特的见解。通常，在ER-2高度，热带海洋风暴和飓风上的电场小于每米几千伏，而雷电发生率很低。陆基雷暴经常产生高雷电活动，并因此产生更高的电场。陆地风暴（843 V m -1）的对数平均峰值场是海洋风暴（423 V m -1）的两倍，而陆地风暴的平均雷电计数（21.4）几乎是海洋风暴（3.7的六倍） ）。
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