Movement Properties of the Pipe Flow along Granite Slope of the Three Gorges Area on Yangtze River in China

摘要

It is well known that, in most cases, soil water doesn't move in the form of laminar flow as described by Darcy Law. Only when Reynolds number (Re) is no more than 10, does water movement follow Darcy law. A soil profile with 2.9m long and 2.13m-2.60m deep was excavated on a lower slope located in Zigui County, Hubei province, China. Field observation found that soil pipes were mainly distributed in a transient layer between horizon B with higher degree of granite weathering and horizon C with lower degree of granite weathering. At the foot of the slope, about 5-7 soil pipes per meter were observed along the vertical direction of the slope. The observed results, obtained from continuous observation of soil pipes and pipe flow processes at granite slope for many rainfall events, indicate that the relationship between velocity of pipe flow and hydraulic gradient along the pipe is parabolic rather than linear one. Based on the investigated data of soil, landform, and land use etc., combined with observed data of pipe flow derived from many rainfall events, a pipe flow model was developed. For velocity V_p, discharge Q_p of pipe flow and radius r of soil pipe, great similarity was found between simulated and observed values. Particularly, the simulated length of soil pipes reflects the great difference among soil pipes as a result of its different position in the soil profile. The length values of 4 soil pipes were estimated to be 98.1%, 27.6%, 11.0% and 3.0% of the longest distance of the catchment, respectively. As a special case of water movement, soil pipe flow follows Darcy-Weisbach law. Discharge of pipe flow is much greater than infiltration discharge in general sense. Only when the depth of groundwater is more than the diameter of soil pipe and water layer submerges soil pipes during rainfall, may pipe flow occur. Under these circumstances, discharge of pipe flow is directly proportional to the depth of groundwater.