State-of-the-Art Closed-loop Systems in Europe

摘要

For the past five years, closed-loop systems have been well introduced in European electroplating facilities. The simplest method is to close a plant by vacuum evaporators in each step or after the wastewater treatment. In the latter, additional microfiltration and reverse osmosis units are necessary for the reduction of the neutral salt content. The better way is to reduce the drag-out and the use of the evaporation losses in the process tank in combination with lids, atmospheric evaporators and miantenance units. These devices are directly connected with the working bath. Batch-type and continuous working is possible. This paper will report on industrial-scale working plants. The advantages and disadvantages of closed-loop process will be discussed in detail.