Risk Assessment and Management for Long-Term Storage of CO_2 in Geologic Formations - United States Department of Energy RD

摘要

Concern about increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO_2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG) and their impact on the earth's climate has grown significantly over the last decade. Many countries, including the United States, wrestle with balancing economic development and meeting critical near-term environmental goals while minimizing long-term environmental risks. One promising solution to the buildup of GHGs in the atmosphere, being pursued by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and its industrial and academic partners, is carbon sequestration-a process of permanent storage of CO_2 emissions in underground geologic formations, thus avoiding CO_2 release to the atmosphere. This option looks particularly attractive for point source emissions of GHGs, such as fossil fuel fired power plants. CO_2 would be captured, transported to a sequestration site, and injected into an appropriate geologic formation. However, sequestration in geologic formations cannot achieve a significant role in reducing GHG emissions unless it is acceptable to stakeholders, regulators, and the general public, i.e., unless the risks involved are judged to be acceptable.rnOne tool that can be used to achieve acceptance of geologic sequestration of CO_2 is risk assessment, which is a proven method to objectively manage hazards in facilities such as oil and natural gas fields, pipelines, refineries, and chemical plants. Although probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) has been applied in many areas, its application to geologic CO_2 sequestration is still in its infancy.rnThe most significant risk from geologic carbon sequestration is leakage of CO_2 Two types of CO_2 releases are possible-atmospheric and subsurface. High concentrations of CO_2 caused by a release to the atmosphere would pose health risks tornhumans and animals, and any leakage of CO_2 back into the atmosphere negates the effort expended to sequester the CO_2. Subsurface risks, attributable to subsurface releases, arise from the displacement of fluids by the injected CO_2 that could damage nearby hydrocarbon resources or trigger small seismic events. There is also the potential for sequestered CO_2 to leak into non-saline formations, which could cause problems with potable uses of this water. However, overall, risks from CO_2 sequestration are believed to be small.rnImplementation of CO_2 sequestration is being approached in phases. The DOE is currently sponsoring a series of pilot tests to generate important data that will elucidate the risks involved in geologic sequestration and lead to the development of risk management protocols. This phased approach should ensure that potential sources of leakage are identified, consequences are quantified, events with the potential to cause harm are analyzed to estimate their frequency and associated risk, and safeguards are put in place to further reduce risks for an operation for which risks already appear to be low.