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摘要

From the very beginning of neuromodulation the inquisitive minds of clinicians explored all possible targets for application of electrical energy to treat pain and other symptoms-ranging from nerve endings in the periphery to the deep nuclei and cortex of the brain. With almost universal acceptance of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) as the primary modality for treatment of pain, the other targets were essentially abandoned for a long time. Despite ongoing SCS dominance, peripheral nerve stimulation enjoyed resurgence of interest over the last two and a half decades among pain practitioners, whereas nerve roots and brain are now main targets for interventions in genitourinary (sacral nerve roots), movement (basal ganglia and thalamus), and psychiatric (internal capsule, cortical and subcortical regions) disorders.